चंद्रयान-3
चंद्रयान-3: भारत ने चांद के दक्षिणी ध्रुव पर इतिहास रचा
भारत का तीसरा चांद पर अभियान चंद्रयान-3 ने सोमवार को चांद के दक्षिणी ध्रुव पर सफलतापूर्वक उतरने का कारनामा सर्जित किया है। इससे पहले, सिर्फ सोवियत संघ, अमेरिका और चीन ही चांद पर मुलायम उतरने में कामयाब हुए हैं। भारत को इस महान उपलब्धि के लिए पूरे देश में मनाई जा रही है।
चंद्रयान-3 का प्रक्षेपण 14 जुलाई को सतीश धवन अंतरिक्ष केंद्र से हुआ था। 23 अगस्त को सुबह 5:34 (IST) पर, प्रक्षेपक मॉड्यूल (PM) से पृथ्वी की कक्षा में प्रवेश करने के 30 मिनट पहले, PM से LM (लैंडर मॉड्यूल) का संपर्क हुआ। LM में संपर्क, संसन्धि, संकेत, प्रोपल्शन, संसन्धि, संकेत, प्रोपल्शन, संसन्धि,
LM का **Vikram** (Sanskrit for "valour") **Pragyan** (Sanskrit for "wisdom") **Rover** (Sanskrit for "explorer") **Module** (Sanskrit for "module")
LM में 7 वैज्ञानिक उपकरण हैं - RAMBHA-LP1 (Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive Ionosphere and Atmosphere-Lunar Plasma 1), ChaSTE (Chandra's Surface Thermo-physical Experiment), ILSA (Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity), CLASS (Chandra's Surface Composition Scanner), LRA (Laser Retroreflector Array), LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) और LAM (Lander Positioning Module)। इन उपकरणों का उद्देश्य चांद की सतह पर सुरक्षित उतरने और घूमने का प्रदर्शन करना और स्थान पर वैज्ञानिक प्रयोग करना है।
LM की मिशन जीवनकाल एक चंद्र दिन की है - पृथ्वी पर 14 दिनों के बराबर। LM के साथ-साथ, PM भी चांद की कक्षा में 1 साल के लिए रहेगा, जिसमें 8 वैज्ञानिक उपकरण हैं - OHRC (Orbiter High Resolution Camera), TMC-2 (Terrain Mapping Camera-2), IIRS (Imaging IR Spectrometer), XSM (X-ray Spectrometer), LEX (Lunar Exospheric Experiment), DF-SAR (Dual Frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar), RAMBHA-DFRS (Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive Ionosphere and Atmosphere-Dual Frequency Radio Science) और ChACE-2 (Chandra Atmospheric Composition Explorer-2)। PM का मुख्य लक्ष्य चांद के सतह, संरचना, संघटन, प्रतिबिंबन, प्रतिरोध, प्रतिरोध, प्रतिरोध, प्रतिरोध, प्रतिरोध, प्रतिरोध, प्रतिरोध, प्रतिरोध, प्रतिरोध, प्रतिरोध,
PM के माध्यम से, ISRO **3D mapping** of the lunar surface, **mineral and water ice distribution** on the moon, **lunar exosphere** and its interaction with solar wind and **radio occultation** of the moon's ionosphere का अध्ययन करेगा।
LM के साथ-साथ, PM के माध्यम से, ISRO **3D mapping** of the lunar surface, **mineral and water ice distribution** on the moon, **lunar exosphere** and its interaction with solar wind and **radio occultation** of the moon's ionosphere का अध्ययन करेगा।
How long did it take to plan and execute Chandrayaan-3?
How long did it take to plan and execute Chandrayaan-3?
India's third lunar exploration mission, Chandrayaan-3, was a remarkable achievement for the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the nation. The mission consisted of a lander named Vikram and a rover named Pragyan, which landed near the lunar south pole region on 23 August 2023, making India the first country to successfully land a spacecraft near the lunar south pole and the fourth country to soft-land on the Moon.
But how long did it take to plan and execute this ambitious mission? And what were the challenges and innovations involved in making it a reality? In this blog post, we will explore these questions and more.
The genesis of Chandrayaan-3 can be traced back to the previous mission, Chandrayaan-2, which was launched on 22 July 2019. Chandrayaan-2 also consisted of an orbiter, a lander and a rover, but the lander crashed while attempting to land on the lunar surface in September 2019. Following this setback, ISRO decided to launch another mission with a similar lander and rover configuration, but without an orbiter.
The initial plan was to launch Chandrayaan-3 in late 2020 or early 2021, but the COVID-19 pandemic and other technical issues delayed the launch. ISRO also made some improvements and modifications to the lander and rover design, such as adding more sensors, increasing the fuel capacity, enhancing the software and algorithms, and incorporating a contingency link with Chandrayaan-2 orbiter.
The final launch date was set for 14 July 2023, using a Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3) rocket from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. The propulsion module carried the lander and rover to lunar orbit in about three weeks, where it performed several orbital maneuvers to lower its altitude and prepare for landing.
The landing site was chosen to be near the lunar south pole region, which is of scientific interest due to the presence of water ice and other resources in permanently shadowed craters. The landing site was also challenging due to the rugged terrain, low illumination, extreme temperature variations, and communication constraints.
The landing sequence was initiated on 23 August 2023 at 17:32 IST, when the propulsion module separated from the lander. The lander then performed a series of braking maneuvers using its throttleable engines to reduce its speed and altitude. The lander also used its onboard sensors and cameras to detect and avoid any hazards on the surface.
The final descent was completed at 18:02 IST, when the lander touched down softly on a flat area between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters. The landing was confirmed by ISRO's Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) and by a laser retroreflector array (LRA) installed on the lander that reflected signals from NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO).
The lander deployed its solar panels and antennas, and established communication with IDSN and Chandrayaan-2 orbiter. The rover was then released from the lander's belly after a few hours of health checks. The rover rolled out of the lander's ramp and began its exploration of the lunar surface.
The rover carried two scientific instruments: an alpha particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS) to measure the elemental composition of rocks and soil, and a laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to identify minerals and organic compounds. The rover also had cameras to capture images of the surroundings.
The mission life of the lander and rover was one lunar day (about 14 Earth days), during which they performed various experiments and observations. The propulsion module remained in lunar orbit for another three to six months, carrying another instrument called SHAPE (Spectro-polarimetry of HAbitable Planet Earth), which aimed to study Earth's atmosphere from a lunar perspective.
Chandrayaan-3 was a low-cost mission, with a total budget of about Rs 600 crore ($80 million), which is much less than many Hollywood movies or other space missions. For comparison, NASA's Perseverance rover mission to Mars cost about $2.7 billion. Former ISRO chairman G Madhavan Nair credited the success of Chandrayaan-3 to the low wages of scientists at ISRO, who earn one-fifth of what scientists make globally.
Chandrayaan-3 was also a source of inspiration and pride for many Indians, especially after the tragic death of actor Sushant Singh Rajput in June 2020. Rajput was set to star in a high-budget film called Chanda Mama Door Ke, which was based on India's space program and featured him as an astronaut. The film was shelved after his demise, but his fans remembered his passion for space exploration and celebrated Chandrayaan-3 as a tribute to him.
Chandrayaan-3 was a milestone in India's space journey, and a testament to the resilience and ingenuity of ISRO and its scientists. The mission not only advanced our scientific knowledge of the Moon, but also demonstrated our technological capabilities and our aspirations for the future. Chandrayaan-3 was a dream come true for many Indians, and a stepping stone for more ambitious missions to come
=> https://updatestechsol.blogspot.com/2023/07/chandrayaan-3-mission.html
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